Protein biosynthesis is the method by which cells synthesize proteins. Protein biosynthesis at times is only used to describe protein translation but this term is also used to describe the multi-step process of the initial amino acids making and transcription to the final translation. Protein biosynthesis differs between organisms with membrane-bound nuclei and organisms with un-bound nuclei such as bacteria. Term papers focusing upon protein biosynthesis tend to focus upon detailed descriptions of amino acid synthesis. Amino acids are polymerized monomers that form proteins. Amino acids are formed by carbon sources such as glucose through metabolic pathways or biochemical processes. All amino acids are not made within the body, for instance, humans obtain eight out of the total twenty amino acids from their diet.

Transcription is the course by which a trinucleotide which is an encoded sequence of the protein that is an mRNA template is transcribed to facilitate a complete template for translation. The transcription stage of protein biosynthesis is divided into three stages. First, is initiation, second, is elongation and third is termination. These stages are controlled by a large number of coactivators and transcription factors which regulate the environment to ensure transcriptions of the correct gene. The protein biosynthesis includes modifications and protein folding after translation. Protein folding refers to polypeptide chains folding in to native tertiary and secondary structures. In protein biosynthesis, enzymes also play an important part by removing one or more than one amino acids from the end of the polypeptide chain in order to make two polypeptide chains linked by disulphide bonds.